秦艽 – Qin jiao,Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix

秦艽 – qin jiao,Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix,gentianae macrophyllae,qin jiao chinese herb,qin jiao herb,qin jiao tcm, Gentiana macrophylla
[Medicinal] The root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. Ephedra Gentiana macrophylla G.straminea Maxim. Crassicalis Duthieex Burk. or Gentiana macrophylla G.dahurica Fish.
[Nature and flavor and meridians] Bitter, pungent, flat. Enter the stomach, liver, and gallbladder meridians.
[Effects] Eliminate rheumatism, relieve jaundice, and eliminate deficiency heat.
[Clinical application] 1. Used for rheumatic arthralgia.
Gentiana macrophylla has the function of eliminating rheumatism and relaxing tendons and collaterals. It is often used for rheumatic arthralgia, joint cramps, and limb paralysis. This product is moist but not dry. It can be used regardless of cold and dampness, damp heat, and new and long-term arthralgia. In terms of compatibility, it is often used with Saposhnikovia divaricata, Qianghuo, Duhuo, and Morus alba. In addition, this product is often used with wind-removing and exterior-removing drugs to treat symptoms of exterior syndrome and body soreness.
2. Used for damp-heat jaundice.
Qinjiao has the function of removing dampness and relieving jaundice, so it can treat damp-heat jaundice, and is often used in combination with Artemisia capillaris, Poria cocos, and Alisma orientalis.
3. Used for bone steaming and hot flashes.
This product can also remove deficiency heat and treat bone steaming and hot flashes. It is often used in combination with turtle shell, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and Radix Rehmanniae.
[Prescription name] Qinjiao, Western Qinjiao, and Left Qinjiao (wash, dry, and slice)
[General dosage and usage] One to three coins, decocted and taken.
[Comments] 1. Qinjiao tastes pungent and can disperse, dispel wind and relieve pain, can treat rheumatic arthralgia, and exogenous limb pain. It tastes bitter and can drain, clear deficiency heat, and can treat bone steaming and hot flashes as well as various symptoms of malnutrition and fever in children. Although it is a pungent and dispersing medicine, it is flat and moist in nature, and is a wind-moistening agent.
2. Qinjiao has been described in various herbal books as having the ability to clear dampness and heat and relieve jaundice. It is not commonly used in clinical practice, so it seems that it can be preserved for researchers.
[Example of prescription] Daqinjiao Decoction (Huo Fa Ji Yao): Qinjiao, Shengdi, Gypsum, Qianghuo, Fangfeng, Baizhi, Asarum, Huangqin, Angelica, White Peony, Chuanxiong, Shudi, Atractylodes, Poria, Licorice, Duhuo. Treats rheumatic arthralgia and numbness of hands and feet.
Qinjiao Biejia Decoction (Weisheng Baojian): Qinjiao, Biejia, Bupleurum, Digupi, Angelica, Anemarrhena, Artemisia annua, Wumei. Treats bone steaming and fever, muscle emaciation, red tongue and cheeks, rough breathing, and night sweats.
【Literature Excerpt】《Shennong’s Herbal Classic》: “It can cure cold and heat evil qi, cold and dampness, rheumatism, pain in limbs, water discharge, and easy urination.”
《Famous Doctors’ Records》: “It can cure wind, regardless of whether it is old or new; it can cure spasms all over the body.”
《Pharmacopoeia》: “It can help with urination and defecation, cure five kinds of jaundice, detoxify alcohol, and remove headaches.”
《Rihuazi Materia Medica》: “It can cure bone steaming, malnutrition and seasonal diseases.”
《Compendium of Materia Medica》: “Qinjiao is needed for paralysis of hands and feet, jaundice, and thirst, because it can remove dampness and heat in Yangming. If there is dampness in Yangming, the body will be sore and hot, and if there is heat, there will be night sweats and bone steaming.”
《Compendium of Materia Medica》: “To cure wind, you must first cure blood. When blood circulates, the wind will be eliminated. Therefore, it can cure wind regardless of whether it is new or old. It enters the stomach to remove dampness and heat, so it can make urination easy and cure jaundice.”

Qinjiao
Qinjiao, a Chinese medicine name. It is the dried root of Gentiana macrophμlla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. or Gentiana dahurica Fisch. of the Gentianaceae family. It has the effects of removing rheumatism, dredge meridians and relieve pain, reduce deficiency heat, and clear damp-heat. It is mainly used to treat stroke failure, bone steaming and hot flashes, fever due to malnutrition, and damp-heat jaundice.
Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix
Alias: Qinjiao, Qinzha, Qinjiu, Qinzhao, Zuoqinjiao, Dajiao, Zuoninggen, Zuoniu, Xidajiao, Xiqinjiao, Radix Radix, Banzijiao, Jituijiao, Shandajiao, Qushuang
Nature and flavor and meridians
Tastes spicy and bitter, and is neutral; it enters the stomach, liver, and gallbladder meridians
Classification of medicinal materials: plants
Functions: dispel rheumatism, dredge meridians and relieve pain, reduce deficiency heat, and clear dampness and heat.
Indikasi
1. Rheumatism and arthralgia: This product is spicy, dispersing, bitter, and laxative, and its quality is moist but not dry. It is a moisturizer among wind medicines. Rheumatic arthralgia, tendon and vein spasm, joint pain, regardless of whether it is new or long-term, can be used in combination.
2. Stroke paralysis: This product can not only dispel wind evil, relax tendons and collaterals, but also “activate blood circulation and nourish tendons”. It can be used for hemiplegia, paralysis of mouth and eyes, stiff limbs, stiff tongue and speechlessness caused by stroke.
3. Bone steaming and hot flashes, fever caused by malnutrition: This product can reduce deficiency heat and remove bone steaming, and is also an important medicine for treating deficiency heat.
4. Damp-heat jaundice: This product is bitter and can be used to reduce dampness and heat in the liver and gallbladder and reduce jaundice.
5. This product can also treat hemorrhoids, swelling and poison, etc.
Usage and dosage
Oral: decoction, 3-9g.
Reaksi yang merugikan
It has been reported that 4 patients with rheumatoid arthritis took 100 mg of gentianine A orally, 3 times a day, for 4-13 days, and they all experienced nausea, vomiting and other reactions. One patient felt palpitations and a slowed heart rate after taking 100 mg, but recovered quickly.
Kontraindikasi
1. Contraindications for the combination of Chinese and Western medicines:
(1) It should not be used in combination with quinine, ephedrine, and atropine, as it may cause precipitation and affect absorption. It should not be used in combination with cardiac glycosides, as it may cause poisoning.
(2) It should not be used in combination with hypoglycemic drugs, as it may antagonize the efficacy of the drugs. It should not be used in combination with salicylic acid preparations, as it may easily promote peptic ulcers.
(3) It should not be used in combination with potassium-excreting diuretics (such as hydrochlorothiazide), as it may easily cause hypokalemia.
2. Dietary taboos: It should not be used with milk; avoid warm and spicy foods.
Tindakan pencegahan
Those with long-term pain, weakness, frequent urination, and loose stools should take it with caution.
Komposisi kimia
This product contains gentianine A, B, C, gentiopicroside, gentiana picroside, montanic acid, montanic acid methyl ester, quercetin, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol, etc.
Efek farmakologis
1. Effects on the central nervous system: sedative and analgesic, high doses can excite the central nervous system.
2. Effects on the cardiovascular system: antihypertensive and heart rate slowing effects.
3. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects: inhibit the increase in capillary permeability, excite the hypothalamus-pituitary gland, promote the secretion of adrenal cortex hormones, and protect against anaphylactic shock.
4. Anti-pathogenic microbial effects: have a certain inhibitory effect on viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
5. In addition, Gentiana macrophylla has a certain effect of increasing blood sugar, inhibiting malarial parasites, promoting the secretion of gastric juice and hydrochloric acid, diuresis, antipyretic, and antagonizing the contraction of histamine and acetylcholine on the intestinal tract.
Toxicological effects
The LD50 of Gentiana macrophylla for mice is 18.96±1.02g/kg for the water extract of Gentiana macrophylla and 17.38±0.53g/kg for the alcohol extract. The LD50 of gentianine A for oral administration or intraperitoneal injection to mice is 480mg/kg and 300mg/kg, and the intravenous injection is 250-300mg/kg. Rats were orally administered 420-520mg/kg, and dogs were orally administered 240mg/kg or intravenously injected 80mg/kg, with no obvious toxicity. Monkeys and cats were orally administered 100mg/kg daily for 3 consecutive days without any toxicity. Gentianine A 50mg/kg, 90mg/kg, 120mg/kg intraperitoneal injection once a day for 14 consecutive days, only protein was found in the glomeruli and renal tubules, and some animals had pulmonary edema, but the rest were normal.
Related discussion
1. “Shennong’s Herbal Classic”: “It can treat cold and heat evil spirits, cold and damp wind arthralgia, limb pain, water, and promote urination.”
2. “Famous Doctors’ Records”: “It can treat wind, no matter how old it is, and it can cure cramps all over the body.”
Aplikasi klinis
1. Rheumatic arthralgia, tendon spasm, joint pain, no matter how old it is, can be used in combination. It is cold in nature and has the effect of clearing heat, so it is particularly suitable for hot arthralgia. It is often used with Stephania tetrandra, Paeonia suffruticosa, Trachelospermum officinale, Honeysuckle vine, etc.; for wind, cold and damp arthralgia, it can be used with Gastrodia elata, Notopterygium incisum, Angelica sinensis, Chuanxiong, etc., such as Qinjiao Tianma Decoction (“Medical Insights”).
2. For stroke patients with paralysis of the mouth and eyes, difficulty in speaking, and aversion to wind and cold, it can be used with Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Pueraria lobata, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Paeonia lactiflora, etc., such as Qinjiao Cimicifuga heracleifolia Decoction (“Health Treasure Mirror”). 3. For treating pulmonary tuberculosis, bone steaming and fatigue cough, it can be combined with ginseng, turtle shell, bupleurum, etc., such as Qinjiao Fuwei Decoction (Yang’s Family Prescriptions); for treating malnutrition and fever in children, it is often combined with mint and roasted licorice, such as Qinjiao Powder (Children’s Medicine and Symptoms).
4. It can also be combined with Artemisia capillaris, Gardenia jasminoides, rhubarb, etc., such as Shanyinchen Pills. It can clear dampness and heat in the liver and gallbladder and relieve jaundice by descending and draining (Shengji Zonglu).
Related combinations
1. Qinjiao combined with Clematis chinensis: Both have the functions of dispelling wind and dampness, unblocking meridians and relieving pain, and clearing heat. The combination of the two medicines is suitable for rheumatism and heat-transforming pain, limb stiffness, numbness, etc.
2. Qinjiao combined with Pittosporum tobira: Pittosporum tobira is a product that dispels wind, unblocks meridians, and eliminates dampness. It eliminates rheumatism and treats the lower part; Qinjiao treats the upper part. The combination of the two can directly connect the upper and lower parts, and is suitable for rheumatism, arthralgia, and pain in the whole body and joints caused by stagnation of qi and blood, as well as limb cramps and pain caused by sequelae of poliomyelitis.
3. Qinjiao with Di Gupi: Both medicines can clear heat and remove steam, but Qinjiao is more inclined to clear heat evil stagnation; Di Gupi is more inclined to cool blood and nourish yin, and clear heat in the yin. The combination of the two has a better effect of clearing heat and removing steam. It is suitable for residual evil of fever, evil stagnation in the yin, or bone steaming and hot flashes.
4. Qinjiao with Baiwei: Qinjiao can remove rheumatism, stop pain, and remove dampness and heat; Baiwei can clear and penetrate, clear real heat, and reduce virtual heat. The combination of the two medicines can remove rheumatism without being too dry and damaging yin, clear heat and cool blood without being blocked, and has the nature of being accessible, complementing each other, nourishing yin and clearing heat, and dredge meridians and relieving pain in a peaceful and effective way. It is suitable for patients with arthralgia due to yin deficiency and heat, or patients with arthralgia due to cold and dampness who have used warm and dry products for a long time and will turn into heat, or patients with red and swollen joints and rheumatism.
5. Qinjiao with turtle shell: Both medicines have the effect of removing heat and removing steam. Qinjiao is a moisturizer among wind medicines. It can remove heat and remove bone steam by dispersing and clearing; turtle shell can remove heat and remove deficiency by nourishing yin and blood. The two are combined, used together to nourish yin, penetrate muscles and reduce fever, and are commonly used medicines for treating bone steaming and deficiency heat. It is suitable for asthenia and hot flashes, bone steaming and sweating.
6. Qinjiao with Gastrodia elata: Qinjiao can remove wind and dampness, dredge tendons and collaterals, and relieve pain by harmonizing blood; Gastrodia elata can remove external wind, dredge meridians and activate collaterals. The two medicines are used together, and have the effect of removing wind and removing arthralgia, dredge collaterals and relieve pain. It is suitable for wind-cold-damp arthralgia, joint pain, and hand and foot paralysis or numbness caused by stroke.
7. Qinjiao with Yinchen: Qinjiao clears heat, removes dampness and reduces jaundice, unblocks the meridians and guides defecation; Yinchen removes dampness, removes turbidity and reduces jaundice, and is good at treating jaundice. The two medicines are matched, and the effect of removing dampness and reducing jaundice is more significant. It is suitable for damp-heat jaundice and urination difficulties.
8. Qinjiao with Bupleurum and Licorice: Qinjiao is bitter, pungent and slightly cold, and it is clear outside and inside, and can clear away heat evil and reduce bone steaming; Bupleurum is pungent, cool and clear, and is specialized in ascending and dispersing, and can penetrate the skin, relieve depression and heat, and disperse evil qi; Licorice is sweet and moderate, and can detoxify and clear heat. The three medicines are matched, which are both clear and transparent, and have significant effects of clearing heat, reducing steaming and relieving pain. It is suitable for fatigue, irritability, joint swelling and pain due to heat arthralgia, and exogenous fever and body pain.
Differentiation of medication
1. Qinjiao and Duhuo: Both can dispel wind and dampness, dredge the meridians and relieve pain, and are commonly used medicines for the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia. Although it is a wind medicine, Qinjiao has a moist texture and does not have the disadvantages of bitterness and dryness that damages yin, so it can nourish blood and dredge collaterals; it is slightly cold in nature and can dispel wind and clear heat, especially suitable for heat arthralgia, redness, swelling, heat and pain in joints. Qinjiao can also clear malnutrition heat, reduce deficiency heat, and remove dampness and heat, and is used for bone steaming and hot flashes, fever caused by malnutrition in children, damp-heat jaundice, etc. However, Duhuo is bitter, pungent and warm, and is an important medicine for dispelling wind, dampness and cold. It mainly enters the liver and kidneys, and is warm and dry in nature. Its wind-dispelling and dampness-drying effects are better than Qinjiao, and it is especially suitable for those with severe cold and dampness in wind-cold-damp arthralgia. Duhuo can dispel wind, dispel cold and relieve pain, and can also be used for wind-cold dampness and superficial symptoms, headache caused by latent wind, toothache caused by wind and fire, etc.
2. Qinjiao and Fangfeng: Both are moistening medicines among wind medicines, and can dispel wind, overcome dampness and relieve pain, and are used for rheumatic arthralgia, pain in limbs, and spasm of tendons and veins. However, Gentiana macrophylla is bitter and slightly cold in nature. It can nourish blood, dredge meridians, relax muscles, clear away heat, remove steam and reduce jaundice. It can be used to treat wind in the meridians, paralysis of hands and feet, hot flashes due to bone steaming, damp-heat jaundice, and fever due to malnutrition in children. Saposhnikovia divaricata is a pungent and warm antipyretic drug. It is pungent, sweet and warm. It mainly treats exogenous symptoms and urticaria itching. It can also treat all kinds of wind, both expel external wind and calm internal wind. It is used to treat tetanus, high fever and acute shock in children. It can stop bleeding and diarrhea after being fried into charcoal. It is used for intestinal wind bleeding, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
3. Gentiana macrophylla and Gentiana scabra: Both have similar sources. They are the roots of perennial herbs in the Gentianaceae family. They can clear damp heat and can be used for damp-heat jaundice. However, Gentiana can dispel wind and dampness, and is slightly cold but not dry. It is known as the “moisturizer among wind-clearing drugs”. Although it can dispel wind and dampness, it does not damage yin fluid and is mostly used for rheumatic pain. Because it can cool and reduce deficiency heat, it can also be used for bone steaming and hot flashes, fetal fever in women, and malnutrition in children. Gentiana is very bitter and cold, and has a strong effect of clearing heat and drying dampness. It is mainly used to purge liver meridian fire and damp heat in the lower jiao, liver fire red eyes, dizziness and deafness, flank pain and bitter mouth, liver heat and wind convulsions, and damp heat invading the genitals, swelling and itching, leucorrhea and red urine.
4. Gentiana and Clematis: Both are anti-rheumatic drugs, which can dispel wind and dampness. They have good effects on rheumatic pain, limb discomfort, etc., especially for rheumatism in the lower body. However, Gentiana is slightly cold in nature and can clear heat. It has a moist texture, dispels wind without drying, and mainly removes dampness, so it is better for treating rheumatic heat syndrome and severe dampness. Qinjiao can also nourish blood and relax muscles, treat hemiplegia, clear away heat and reduce steaming, treat bone steaming, fatigue and heat, damp-heat jaundice, etc. In addition, Clematis chinensis is salty and can soften hard masses, can treat masses and bone lumps, and is warm in nature and good at wandering, so it is better for treating rheumatism and cold syndrome with obvious pain or poor limb extension, numbness, or even paralysis.
Related drugs
Gouting capsules, liver-strengthening syrup (pills), wind-chasing and bone-penetrating pills, rheumatism liquid, and bi-shujian pills.
Related prescriptions
Daqinjiao Decoction (Suwen Bingji Qi Yi Baoming Ji), Qinjiao Biejia Powder (Health Treasure Mirror), Qinjiao Powder (Children’s Medicine Zheng Zhi Jue), Qinjiao Tianma Decoction (Medical Mindfulness).
Medicinal diet therapy
Yin-nourishing and fire-reducing tea:
1. Efficacy: nourishing yin and reducing fire, moistening dryness and laxative, clearing heat and eliminating restlessness. Suitable for red lips and bad breath, dry mouth and throat, poor appetite, and dry stool.
2. Raw materials: 9g each of Polygonatum odoratum, Gentiana macrophylla, and Lycium barbarum, 15g of Chinese yam, 15g of Adenophora radix, and appropriate amount of rock sugar (for 3 days).
3. Method: Wash the above herbs separately, add appropriate amount of water, boil for about 45 minutes, filter and add rock sugar, and then drink it instead of tea.
4. Usage: 2 cups a day, drink instead of tea, and you can take it regularly.
Harvesting and processing
Harvest 3-5 years after sowing. The quality is better when it is dug in autumn. After digging out, pile it up in the sun until it is soft, let it heat up naturally, and dry it when the inside of the root turns flesh-red; it can also be dried directly after digging the roots. After digging the roots of Gentiana dauri, rub off the black skin and dry it.
Processing method
1. Gentiana macrophylla: Take the original herbs, remove impurities, separate the large and small ones, soak them slightly, wash them, moisten them thoroughly, cut them into thick slices, and dry them.
2. Wine Qinjiao: Take Qinjiao slices and add yellow wine to mix well, steam until moist, put in a pot, heat with a slow fire, stir-fry until dry, take out and cool. For every 100kg of Qinjiao slices, use 10kg of yellow wine.
Storage method
Store in a dry container, seal the wine Qinjiao in a cool and dry place.
Identification of medicinal materials
Identifikasi
1. Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, ultrasonically treat for 15 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take gentiopicroside reference substance, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as the reference solution. According to the thin layer chromatography method (General Rule 0502), take 5μl of the test solution and 1μl of the reference solution, respectively, and spot them on the same silica gel GF254 thin layer plate, use ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10:2:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and inspect under ultraviolet light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the reference sample.
2. Take the quercetin acid reference sample and add chloroform to make a solution containing 0.5 mg per 1 ml as the reference solution. According to the thin layer chromatography method (General Rule 0502), take 5μl of the test sample solution under [Identification] 1 and 1μl of the above-mentioned reference solution, respectively, and spot them on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, use chloroform-methanol-formic acid (50:1:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, and heat at 105℃ until the spots are clearly colored. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the reference sample.
Medicinal material properties
1. Qinjiao: The root is slightly conical, thick on the top and thin on the bottom, 7-30cm long, and 1-3cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow or brownish yellow, with longitudinal or twisted longitudinal grooves. The root head is often swollen, mostly composed of several rhizomes, with short fibrous leaf base vascular bundles on the remaining stem base, which are hard and brittle, easy to break, with yellow or brownish yellow cortex and yellow wood in cross section. It has a special smell and tastes bitter and astringent.
2. Mahua Qinjiao: The root is slightly conical, 8-18cm long and 1-3cm in diameter; the lower part of the main root is branched or mostly separated and then united, slightly net-shaped or twisted, so it is commonly called Mahua Qinjiao. It is brittle and easy to break, and the cross section is mostly withered.
3. Thick-stem Qinjiao: The root is slightly cylindrical, relatively thick, mostly unbranched, rarely twisted, 12-20cm long and 1-3.5cm in diameter. The surface is yellow-brown or dark brown, with longitudinal twisted wrinkles; the root head has light yellow petiole residues and fibrous leaf base vascular bundles. It tastes bitter and astringent.
4. Small Gentiana: The root is conical or cylindrical, 8-15cm long and 0.2-1cm in diameter. The surface is brownish yellow. There is usually one taproot, and the remaining stem base has fibrous leaf sheaths, and the lower part is branched. The cross section is yellow-white.
Medicinal properties
1. Gentiana: See the “Medicinal Materials” item.
2. Wine Gentiana: The color is darker and has a slight aroma of wine.
Common counterfeits
Counterfeits:
1. Red Gentiana: It is the dried root of Salvia przewalskii Maxim, a plant of the Lamiaceae family. For morphological characteristics, see the item under Salvia miltiorrhiza.
2. Black Gentiana: It is the root of Aconitum barbatum var. puberulumLedeb., a plant of the Ranunculaceae family. Its root is slightly conical, 10-20cm long, 3-5cm in diameter, and the root head is mostly several fused, gradually twisting together downward to form a mesh pattern. The surface is brown, and some of the cork has fallen off, showing a light yellow-white color. The body is loose, brittle, and easy to break.
Plant species
Gentianaceae Gentiana Gentiana, Gentiana thick stem, Gentiana twisted, Gentiana small.
Morphological characteristics
1. Gentiana: perennial herb, 20-60cm high. The main root is thick and long, cylindrical, thin at the top and thin at the bottom, twisted and not straight, with a few branches, and the middle part is mostly ribbed; there are many fibrous residual leaf bases in the rhizome. The stem is erect or oblique, cylindrical, and hairless. Basal leaves Mostly clustered, sessile, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 40cm long, 3-5cm wide, pointed at the tip, entire, with 5 main veins; 3-4 pairs of stem leaves, opposite, small, fused at the base. Flowers are mostly gathered in terminal and upper stem axillary cymes; one side of the calyx tube splits more than half, with shallow calyx teeth; corolla tubular, dark blue-purple, about 2cm long, 5-lobed at the tip, with 5 short folds between the lobes; 5 stamens, attached to the middle of the corolla tube; ovary oblong, sessile. Capsule oblong or elliptic. Seeds are elliptical, wingless, brown and shiny. Flowering period is July-September, and fruiting period is August-October.
2. Mahua Qinjiao: Perennial herb, 10-20cm high. Main root is thick and conical. Basal leaves are mostly clustered, sessile, with large lanceolate leaves, pointed tips, entire margins, 5 main veins, and broad and raised main veins on the back of the leaves; stem leaves are opposite and smaller. Flowers are few and form cymes with long stalks; calyx tube is yellow-green, membranous, and split on one side, with 2-5 calyx teeth of equal length; corolla is tubular, yellow, funnel-shaped, with many green spots at the throat, 5 lobes at the tip, and lobes are oval; stamens are 5, attached to the middle and lower part of the corolla tube; ovary is superior, 1-chambered, with 2 parietal placentas. Capsule, split into 2 fruit petals, elliptic-lanceolate, with a petiole length of 7-12mm. Seeds are brown, shiny, and narrow and oblong. Flowering period is July-September, and fruiting period is August-October.
3. Thick-stemmed Gentiana: Perennial herb, 20-40cm high. Stem roots are thick, most or all of which are divided into small roots, which are intertwined and twisted together in a right-handed manner. There are many fibrous residual leaf bases on the rhizome, and the stem is erect or oblique, cylindrical, and hairless. The basal leaves are mostly clustered, the leaves are relatively large, narrow elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 40cm long, 4-5cm wide, slightly pointed at the tip, entire, and 5 main veins run longitudinally through the leaves; the stem leaves are opposite and relatively small. The flower stems are thick and short, slightly inclined, with many flowers, no pedicels, clustered in heads at the top of the stem, rarely in axillary in a whorl; the calyx tube is cracked only on one side of the top, and the calyx teeth are very shallow or absent; the flower tube is pot-shaped, 2-2.2cm long, yellow or blue-purple, about 3cm long, with slightly pointed tips of the lobes and spots inside; 5 stamens; the ovary is oblong and stalked. The capsule is enclosed, oblong, and sessile. The flowering period is from June to September, and the fruiting period is from September to October.
Distribution area
1. Qinjiao: distributed in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Sichuan.
2. Thick-stemmed Gentiana: distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, and Qinghai.
3. Twisted Gentiana: distributed in Hubei, Sichuan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia.
Authentic production area
Mainly produced in Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, and other places.
Growth environment
1. Gentiana: grown in mountain grasslands, stream sides, roadside slopes, and shrubs at an altitude of 400-2400m.
2. Twisted Gentiana: grown in high mountains, grasslands, and streams at an altitude of 2000-5000m.
3. Thick-stemmed Gentiana: grown in alpine meadows, hillside grasslands, shrubs, and forest edges at an altitude of 2100-4500m.
Growth habits
Like cool and humid climates, cold-resistant. It is suitable for cultivation in loam with deep, fertile, and humus-rich soil.
Reproduction method
Propagation by seeds.
Cultivation technology
Seed propagation: Select old plants that have grown for more than 3 years and collect seeds, and dry them. Sow or drill in early spring, with a sowing width of 3cm, a depth of 1cm, and a furrow distance of 25cm. Use 7.5-10.5kg of seeds per 1h㎡.
Disease and pest control
Diseases include leaf spot, which can be controlled with Zineb or Bordeaux liquid.